An atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) flow representative of over sea-like surface and open-country type terrain was generated using the 60-fan wall located on one side of the hexagonal WindEEE test chamber. To establish the ABL profile, 13 triangular spires were installed upstream of the measurement location for the open-country type terrain flow. Each spire measured 120 cm in height and 20 cm at the base, and the array was positioned 100 cm downwind from the 60-fan wall. The spires were designed to induce a vertical wind-speed gradient and turbulence intensity profile consistent with an open-country ABL, promoting flow development prior to the model testing position. ABL wind of various strength were generated by operating the fans at the 60%, and 90% of their rated fan speed. These experiments are indicated by the profile config value ‘CC-2091’, ‘CC-2051’, ‘CC-2090’, and ‘CC-2005’, within the test file name.

In the WindEEE Dome, an impinging-jet style downburst was created by releasing pressure from a plenum above the test chamber. The resulting flow began as a high-velocity jet striking the ground, which then spread outward in a radial outflow. To control the flow, the upper fans were operated at 30% of their capacity, and the downburst bell mouth, with a diameter of 3.2 m, set the characteristic scale of the impinging jet.

To capture the structure of this complex flow, 3-D point measurements were taken using a profiling rack, employing the same methodology as for the ABL experiments. The rack was positioned at radial distances r/D = 1.1, and 1.2 along an azimuthal line of φ = 180°. These experiments are indicated by the profile config value ‘CC-1011’, within the test file name.

To investigate the interaction of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) flows with downburst-like events, the WindEEE Dome was configured to simultaneously generate ABL and impinging-jet downburst flows.

For the ABL component, a 60-fan wall was operated at 60% of its capacity to generate mean wind speed profiles representative of winds over sea-like surface and open-country type terrain. Thirteen triangular spires, each 120 cm high and 20 cm at the base, were positioned 100 cm downstream of the fan wall to induce a vertical wind-speed gradient and realistic turbulence intensity profile for the open-country type terrain.

For the downburst component, the upper fans were set to 30% of their operational limit to produce a high-velocity impinging jet through downdraft opening diameter D = 3.2 m. This configuration created a combined flow field in which the ABL profile was modulated by the radial outflow of the downburst. These experiments are indicated by the profile config value ‘CC-5031’, and ‘CC-5030’, within the test file name.

In the WindEEE Dome, a tornado-like vortex was generated by extracting air from the test chamber into a plenum located above the chamber. Incoming flow entered the test chamber through adjustable peripheral louvers, which were set to prescribed angles to impart initial swirl to the flow. The interaction between the central updraft and the swirling peripheral inflow resulted in the formation of a tornado-like vortex within the test chamber. Flow conditions were controlled by operating the upper fans at −50% of their capacity, setting the peripheral louvers to an angle of 25°, and restricting the bell mouth diameter to 3.2 m.

To capture the structure of this complex flow, three-dimensional point measurements were obtained using the vertical profiling rack, following the same measurement methodology as in S1.E1. The center of the rack was positioned at radial distances of6.25:.625:62.5 cm and 75:12.5:125 cm along an azimuthal line of φ = 0:30:330° and oriented tangentially to the rotating flow. These experiments are indicated by the profile config value ‘CC-0011’, within the test file name.

The goal of this experiment was to capture the updraft velocity through the bell mouth. Unlike the instrumentation setup described in S1, a single J-probe was positioned on a rack and secured above the bell mouth. The probe location was placed radially from the centre of the bell mouth ranging from 20cm to 160cm in increments of 20cm. Measurements were taken at 10 and 20 cm above the honeycomb to characterize the updraft velocity. The probe followed an azimuth angle of 315° and oriented directly downwards. These measurements were taken for simulated tornado winds identified as profile ‘CC-1011’, within the test file name. The tunnel set points are identical to experiments in S1.E4.

The goal of this experiment was to capture the downdraft velocity through the 3.2m bell mouth. The setup of the velocity probe is the same as in S1.E5 but the probe oriented directly upwards at height of 10cm above the honeycomb. These measurements were taken for simulated downburst winds identified as profile ‘CC-0011’, within the test file name. The tunnel set points are identical to experiments in S1.E2.

This experiment involves capturing various simulated downburst flow fields in a vertical plane. Depending on the instrumentation setup, the field coverage varies. These PIV measurements correspond to simulated DB winds identified as profile ‘CC-1011’, within the test file name.

This experiment involves capturing various simulated combined downburst-ABL flow fields in a vertical plane, and measurements were taken for simulated winds identified as profile ‘CC-5030’, within the test file name.

The ship model described in Section S3 was tested under ABL wind profiles generated as described in Section S1.E1. The center of the ship model was positioned at a radial distance of rm/D = 1.1 from the center of the turntable and an azimuthal position of φ = 180°. Ship model orientation angle (θ) was increased from 0° to 180° in 30° intervals.

The model was tested at two ABL wind strengths (the sixty fans operated at the 60%, and 90% of their rated fan speed), with no spires to achieve the over sea-like surface ABL flows profiled in S1.E1. The wind profile is identified as ‘CC-2051’, and ‘CC-2005’, within the test file name.

The ship model described in Section S3 was tested under DB winds simulated as detailed in S1.E2. The center of the ship model was positioned at radial distances of r/D = 1.1 from the center of the jet and an azimuthal position of φ = 180°. Ship model orientation angle (θ) varied from 0° to 180° in 30° increments for all tests. The upper fans of the WindEEE Dome were set to 30% of their operational limit to generate the downburst-like flow. These experiments are indicated by the profile config value ‘CC-1011’, within the test file name.

The ship model described in Section S3 was tested under wind profiles generated as detailed in Section S1.E3. The ship model was positioned at a radial distance of r/D = 1.1 and at azimuthal position of φ = 180°. Building orientation angle (θ) varied from 0° to 180° in 30° increments.

The background ABL flow was generated by operating the 60-fan wall at 60% of its operational limit, The impinging jets were produced by running the fans in the upper plenum at 30% of their operational limit. These experiments are indicated by the profile config value ‘CC-5030’, within the test file name.

The ship model described in Section S3 was tested under tornado winds simulated as detailed in S1.E4. The center of the ship model was positioned at radial distances of 0:25:75 cm from the center of WindEEE dome and an azimuthal position of φ = 180°. Ship model orientation angle (θ) varied from 0° to 180° in 30° increments for all tests. The upper fans of the WindEEE Dome were set to -50% of their operational limit and the peripheral louvers were set to 25° to generate the tornado-like flow. The bell mouth position was static and located in the centre of the dome. These experiments are indicated by the profile config value ‘CC-0011’, within the test file name.

Same as S3.E1.

Same as S3.E2.

Same as S3.E3.

Same as S3.E4.

Same as S3.E1.

Same as S3.E2.

Same as S3.E3.

Same as S3.E4.

Same as S3.E1.

Same as S3.E2.

Same as S3.E3.

Same as S3.E4.

Same as S3.E1.

Same as S3.E2.

Same as S3.E3.

Same as S3.E4.